@article {3460,
	title = {Statewide USGS 3DEP Lidar Topographic Differencing Applied to Indiana, USA},
	journal = {Remote Sensing},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {847},
	abstract = {Differencing multi-temporal topographic data (radar, lidar, or photogrammetrically derived point clouds or digital elevation models\&mdash;DEMs) measures landscape change, with broad applications for scientific research, hazard management, industry, and urban planning. The United States Geological Survey\&rsquo;s 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) is an ambitious effort to collect light detection and ranging (lidar) topography over the United States\&rsquo; lower 48 and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IfSAR) in Alaska by 2023. The datasets collected through this program present an important opportunity to characterize topography and topographic change at regional and national scales. We present Indiana statewide topographic differencing results produced from the 2011\&ndash;2013 and 2016\&ndash;2020 lidar collections. We discuss the insights, challenges, and lessons learned from conducting large-scale differencing. Challenges include: (1) designing and implementing an automated differencing workflow over 94,000 km2 of high-resolution topography data, (2) ensuring sufficient computing resources, and (3) managing the analysis and visualization of the multiple terabytes of data. We highlight observations including infrastructure development, vegetation growth, and landscape change driven by agricultural practices, fluvial processes, and natural resource extraction. With 3DEP and the U.S. Interagency Elevation Inventory data, at least 37\% of the Contiguous 48 U.S. states are already covered by repeat, openly available, high-resolution topography datasets, making topographic differencing possible.},
	issn = {2072-4292},
	doi = {10.3390/rs14040847},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/4/847},
	author = {Scott, Chelsea and Beckley, Matthew and Phan, Minh and Zawacki, Emily and Crosby, Christopher and Nandigam, Viswanath and Arrowsmith, Ramon}
}
@article {3410,
	title = {Measuring change at Earth{\textquoteright}s surface: On-demand vertical and three- dimensional topographic differencing implemented in OpenTopography},
	journal = {Geosphere},
	year = {2021},
	month = {May},
	abstract = {Topographic differencing measures landscape change by comparing multitemporal high-resolution topography data sets. Here, we focused on two types of topographic differencing: (1) Vertical differencing is the subtraction of digital elevation models (DEMs) that span an event of interest. (2) Three-dimensional (3-D) differencing measures surface change by registering point clouds with a rigid deformation. We recently released topo-graphic differencing in OpenTopography where users perform on-demand vertical and 3-D differencing via an online interface. OpenTopography is a U.S. National Science Foundation{\textendash}funded facility that provides access to topographic data and processing tools. While topographic differencing has been applied in numerous research studies, the lack of standardization, particularly of 3-D differencing, requires the customization of processing for individ-ual data sets and hinders the community{\textquoteright}s ability to efficiently perform differencing on the growing archive of topography data. Our paper focuses on streamlined techniques with which to efficiently difference data sets with varying spatial resolution and sensor type (i.e., optical vs. light detection and ranging [lidar]) and over variable landscapes. To optimize on-demand differencing, we considered algorithm choice and displacement resolution. The optimal resolution is controlled by point density, landscape characteristics (e.g., leaf-on vs. leaf-off), and data set quality. We provide processing options derived from metadata that allow users to produce optimal high-quality results, while experienced users can fine tune the parameters to suit their needs. We anticipate that the differencing tool will expand access to this state-of-the-art technology, will be a valuable educational tool, and will serve as a template for differencing the growing number of multitemporal topography data sets.},
	issn = {1553-040X},
	doi = {10.1130/GES02259.1},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02259.1},
	author = {Scott, Chelsea and Phan, Minh and Nandigam, Viswanath and Crosby, Christopher and Arrowsmith, J. Ramon}
}
